一、Ubuntu Desktop14.04
Ubuntu14.04
cat /etc/network/interfaces
默认已经有lo: 系统给定的网络回环接口
eth0的配置(Ubuntu Desktop14.04)
1. 修改/etc/network/interfaces文件,添加配置信息
cd /etc/network vim interfaces
键入如下命令:
auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.1.0 gateway 192.168.1.254 broadcast 192.168.1.255 dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 114.114.114.114
配置说明: auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto ens33(ens33为以太网卡,根据实际名称填写) iface ens33 inet static address 192.168.1.8(IP地址,要和物理机在同一网段,且不要和局域网内其他设备IP冲突,查看方法见下) gateway 192.168.1.1(默认网关,和物理机一样) netmask 255.255.255.0(子网掩码,和物理机一样) dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 114.114.114.114
2. 也可添加另一块网卡eth1
auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.1.0 gateway 192.168.1.254 broadcast 192.168.1.255 dns-nameserver 8.8.8.8
:wq 存盘退出
3. 配置永久dns
vi /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base(这个文件默认是空的)
nameserver x.x.x.x nameserver x.x.x.x
4. 重新启动网络服务:
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
5. 使eth1生效,激活eth1
ifup eth1
6. 开启网内的访问权限:
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.250/24
说明:192.168.1.250为另一台ubuntu server 16.04的IP地址
7. 切换到ubuntu server 16.04虚拟机上,输入命令:
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.10/24
说明:192.168.1.10是ubuntu desktop上刚添加的网卡eth1的IP地址
8. 两台虚拟机均重新启动
9. 从ubuntu server服务器ping 客户端ubuntu desktop
ping 192.168.1.10 连通
从ubuntu desktop客户端ping 服务器ubuntu server
ping 192.168.1.250. 连通
10. 修改客户端ubuntu desktop的eth0的IP地址:
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0
再看一下是否被修改
ifconfig -a
11. 使修改后的IP地址生效:
ifconfig eth0 up
互相ping 仍然可以ping通
二、Ubuntu16.04
1.配置DNS
sudo vi /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base #(这个文件默认是空的)
在里面写入需要设置的DNS信息,如:nameserver 8.8.8.8
如果有多个DNS就一行一个
修改好保存,然后使其生效
sudo resolvconf -u
三、Ubuntu18.04
在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 中配置 IP 地址的方法和以往使用的配置方法有很大的不同。和旧版本的不同之处在于,Ubuntu 18.04 使用 Netplan 来配置 IP 地址,Netplan 是一个新的命令行网络配置工具。其实在 Ubuntu 17.10 的时候 Ubuntu 开发者就已经介绍过 Netplan 了。接下来要介绍的新的 IP 配置方法不会再用到 /etc/network/interfaces 这个文件,取而代之的是一个 YAML 文件。默认的 Netplan 配置文件一般在 /etc/netplan 目录下。
在这篇教程中,我们会去学习在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 的最小化服务器中配置静态 IP 和动态 IP 。
1.静态IP
找到ip地址默认配置文件:
root@cnhshacdc1vh106:/etc/netplan# ls 50-cloud-init.yaml
此配置文件初始内容如下:
# Let NetworkManager manage all devices on this system network: version: 2 renderer: NetworkManager ethernets: ens33: dhcp4: true
配置静态ip地址如下(注意:在 Ubuntu 18.04 里,这个配置文件的每一行都必须靠空格来缩进,不能用 TAB 来代替,否则配置会不起作用。如上所示的配置文件中每行的缩进都是靠空格键实现的;另外子网掩码不再是netmask形式,而是掩码位数的数字):
# Let NetworkManager manage all devices on this system network: version: 2 renderer: NetworkManager ethernets: ens33: #配置的网卡名称,使用ifconfig -a查看得到,且必须是空格缩进,netplan只认空格 dhcp4: false #no-dhcp4开启 true-dhcp4开启 dhcp6: false #no-dhcp6开启 ture-dhcp6关闭 addresses: [192.168.239.135/24, ] #设置本机IP及掩码,这个逗号可加可不加,若同时设置ipv4和ipv6参考:[192.168.239.135/24, "2001:1::1/64"] gateway4: 192.168.239.254 #设置ipv4的默认网关 gateway6: 2001:1::1 #设置ipv6的默认网关 nameservers: #设置DNS服务器 addresses: [114.114.114.114,8.8.8.4] #多个DNS服务器之间用逗号隔开
使应用配置生效:
root@cnhshacdc1vh106:/etc/netplan# netplan apply
查看配置结果,如下即生效:
root@cnhshacdc1vh106:/etc/netplan# ifconfig enp0s31f6: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 161.92.142.31 netmask 255.255.252.0 broadcast 161.92.143.255 inet6 fe80::e2d5:5eff:feae:c17f prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether e0:d5:5e:ae:c1:7f txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 7437487 bytes 3888770451 (3.8 GB) RX errors 0 dropped 87037 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 10589 bytes 950975 (950.9 KB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 device interrupt 11 memory 0x92f00000-92f20000
2.动态IP
与静态ip相似,只不过编辑配置文件,将DHCP功能打开,不设置ip地址网关和掩码,使其自动获取,如上此文件的默认配置状态。
3.DNS配置
查看/etc/resolv.conf文件内容:
root@iZad705ziue25txnr4sv5lZ:~# cat /etc/resolv.conf # Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8) # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN # 127.0.0.53 is the systemd-resolved stub resolver. # run "systemd-resolve --status" to see details about the actual nameservers. nameserver 127.0.0.53 options timeout:2 attempts:3 rotate single-request-reopen
可以看出,此文件由systemd-resolved管理,查看systemd-resolved状态:
root@iZad705ziue25txnr4sv5lZ:~# systemctl status systemd-resolved
所以配置dns可以在systemd-resolved的配置文件/etc/systemd/resolved.conf中进行配置
root@iZad705ziue25txnr4sv5lZ:~# more /etc/systemd/resolved.conf # This file is part of systemd. # # systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # Entries in this file show the compile time defaults. # You can change settings by editing this file. # Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file. # # See resolved.conf(5) for details [Resolve] #DNS= DNS=114.114.114.114 #FallbackDNS= #Domains= #LLMNR=no #MulticastDNS=no #DNSSEC=no #Cache=yes #DNSStubListener=yes
配置后需要重启systemd-resolved服务器生效,然后再通过
root@iZad705ziue25txnr4sv5lZ:/etc/systemd/network# systemctl status systemd-resolved
然后再查看DNS信息如下,Global DNS Server就被修改为114.114.114.114
root@iZad705ziue25txnr4sv5lZ:~# systemd-resolve --status Global DNS Servers: 114.114.114.114 DNSSEC NTA: 10.in-addr.arpa 16.172.in-addr.arpa 168.192.in-addr.arpa 17.172.in-addr.arpa 18.172.in-addr.arpa 19.172.in-addr.arpa 20.172.in-addr.arpa 21.172.in-addr.arpa 22.172.in-addr.arpa 23.172.in-addr.arpa 24.172.in-addr.arpa 25.172.in-addr.arpa 26.172.in-addr.arpa 27.172.in-addr.arpa 28.172.in-addr.arpa 29.172.in-addr.arpa 30.172.in-addr.arpa 31.172.in-addr.arpa corp d.f.ip6.arpa home internal intranet lan local private test
重启DNS:
root@iZad705ziue25txnr4sv5lZ:~# /etc/init.d/resolvconf restart [ ok ] Restarting resolvconf (via systemctl): resolvconf.service.
4.问题追踪
如果在应用配置的时候有出现问题的话,可以通过如下的命令来查看刚才配置的内容出了什么问题。
root@ubuntu01:~# netplan --debug apply ** (generate:2914): DEBUG: 10:26:02.384: Processing input file /etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml.. ** (generate:2914): DEBUG: 10:26:02.384: starting new processing pass ** (generate:2914): DEBUG: 10:26:02.385: ens33: setting default backend to 2 ** (generate:2914): DEBUG: 10:26:02.385: Configuration is valid ** (generate:2914): DEBUG: 10:26:02.385: Generating output files.. ** (generate:2914): DEBUG: 10:26:02.385: networkd: definition ens33 is not for us (backend 2) DEBUG:no netplan generated networkd configuration exists DEBUG:netplan generated NM configuration changed, restarting NM DEBUG:ens33 not found in {} DEBUG:Merged config: network: bonds: {} bridges: {} ethernets: ens33: addresses: - 192.168.239.135/24 dhcp4: false dhcp6: false gateway4: 192.168.239.254 nameservers: addresses: - 114.114.114.114 - 8.8.6.6 vlans: {} wifis: {} DEBUG:Skipping non-physical interface: lo DEBUG:device ens33 operstate is up, not changing DEBUG:{} DEBUG:netplan triggering .link rules for lo DEBUG:netplan triggering .link rules for ens33
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